tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56940977426681183802024-02-19T20:13:29.730-08:00KIMIA BAHAN ALAMAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-70092731455276023082012-12-25T03:12:00.002-08:002012-12-25T03:12:43.663-08:00<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UJIAN
SEMESTER</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MATA
KULIAH <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: KIMIA BAHAN ALAM</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SKS
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 2</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DOSEN
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dr. Syamsurizal, M.Si</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WAKTU
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 22-29 Desember 2012 </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 99.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PETUNJUK
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ujian ini open book. Tapi tidak
diizinkan mencontek, bilamana ditemukan, maka anda dinyatakan GAGAL. Jawaban
anda diposting di bolg masing-masing.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Jelaskan dalam jalur biosintesis triterpenoid, identifikasilah faktor-faktor
penting yang sangat menentukan dihasilkannya triterpenoid dalam kuantitas yang
banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Jelaskan dalam penentuan struktur flavonoid, kekhasan signal dan intensitas
serapan dengan menggunakan spektrum IR dan NMR. Berikan dengan contoh
sekurang-kurangnya dua struktur yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Dalam isolasi alkaloid, pada tahap awal dibutuhkan kondisi asam atau basa.
Jelaskan dasar penggunaan reagen tersebut, dan berikan contohnya sekurang-kurangnya
tiga macam alkaloid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Jelaskan keterkaitan diantara biosintesis, metode isolasi dan penentuan
struktur senyawa bahan alam . Berikan contohnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawaban
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum biosintesa terpenoida
dengan terjadinya 3 reaksi dasar yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembentukan
isoprena aktif berasal dari asam asetat melalui asam mevalonat. Asam asetat
setelah diaktifkan oleh koenzim A (Ko-A) melakukan kondensasi jenis Claisen menghasilkan
Asetoasetil Ko-A. Senyawa ini dengan Asetil Ko-A melakukan kondensasi jenis
Aldol menghasilkan rantai karbon bercabang sebagaimana ditemukan pada asam
mevalonat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggabungan
kepala dan ekor dua unit isoprena akan membentuk mono-, seskui-, di-, sester-,
dan poli- terpenoida. Setelah asam mevalonat terbentuk, reaksi-reaksi
berikutnya adalah fosforilasi, eliminasi asam posfat, dan dekarboksilasi
menghasilkan Isopentenil Pirofosfat (IPP). Selanjutnya berisomerisasi menjadi
Dimetil Alil Pirofosfat (DMAPP) oleh enzim isomerase. IPP inilah yang bergabung
dari kepala ke ekor dengan DMAPP. Penggabungan ini terjadi karena serangan
elektron dari ikatan rangkap IPP terhadap atom karbon dari DMAPP yang
kekurangan elektron diikuti oleh penyingkiran ion pirofosfat mengasilkan
Geranil Pirofosfat (GPP) yaitu senyawa antara bagi semua senyawa
monoterpenoida. Penggabungan selanjutnya antara satu unit IPP dan GPP dengan
mekanisme yang sama menghasilkan Farnesil Pirofosfat (FPP) yang merupakan
senyawa antara bagi semua senyawa seskuiterpenoida. Senyawa diterpenoida
diturunkan dari Geranil – Geranil Pirofosfat (GGPP) yang berasal dari
kondensasi antara satu uni IPP dan GPP dengan mekanisme yang sama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggabungan
ekor dan ekor dari unit C-15 atau unit C-20 menghasilkan triterpenoida dan
steroida. Triterpenoida (C30) dan tetraterpenoida (C40) berasal dari dimerisasi
C15 atau C20 dan bukan dari polimerisasi terus-menerus dari unit C-5. Yang
banyak diketahui ialah dimerisasi FPP menjadi skualena yang merupakan
triterpenoida dasar dan sumber dari triterpenoida lainnya dan steroida.
Siklisasi dari skualena menghasilkan tetrasiklis triterpenoida lanosterol.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Factor-factor
yang menentukan triterpenoid dihasilkan dalam jumlah banyak diantaranya </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses pembentukkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Asetoasetil Ko-A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dengan ketersediaan
asam asetat dalam tumbuhan yang cukup banyak dan keaktifan KoA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keadaan proses biosintesis yang memadai,
yaitu pada keadaan basa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggabungan ekor dan kepala dengan
adanya serangan electron yang kuat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6KiYoal_tKiTLIgDebyC1uHUppKSFJxKb_M5yH4_7M5SmjJJZqGDeAD-87h2_7OEHy72VjcVOmaNSf1qhbphD3iSjXtGHBls8QfwoeH1jZGeW4_sRkycIxGZgTJ0edCrjxkp95JZod54/s1600/struktur+kam.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gugus yg khas pada flavonoid diantaranya
gugus fenol dan terdiri dari 15 atom karbon yang membentuk 2 cincin aromatic
yang digabungkan dengan cincin ketiga, contohnya kuersetin dan Kaempferol dengan
struktur dibawah ini</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVurNzq0y80jCliYj7K06THAMCTu0LoJOjWib2HV5sFhy4V5ARfYm7_40hWJQrcYWM34kQnOqeptHHl2Bfu0GbfZUdMKN8Wg9d8pG1xxxcspa0wgLP8022J4cH0tiStWgaz_tQzqx12s/s1600/struktr+quer.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVurNzq0y80jCliYj7K06THAMCTu0LoJOjWib2HV5sFhy4V5ARfYm7_40hWJQrcYWM34kQnOqeptHHl2Bfu0GbfZUdMKN8Wg9d8pG1xxxcspa0wgLP8022J4cH0tiStWgaz_tQzqx12s/s200/struktr+quer.jpeg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6KiYoal_tKiTLIgDebyC1uHUppKSFJxKb_M5yH4_7M5SmjJJZqGDeAD-87h2_7OEHy72VjcVOmaNSf1qhbphD3iSjXtGHBls8QfwoeH1jZGeW4_sRkycIxGZgTJ0edCrjxkp95JZod54/s1600/struktur+kam.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6KiYoal_tKiTLIgDebyC1uHUppKSFJxKb_M5yH4_7M5SmjJJZqGDeAD-87h2_7OEHy72VjcVOmaNSf1qhbphD3iSjXtGHBls8QfwoeH1jZGeW4_sRkycIxGZgTJ0edCrjxkp95JZod54/s200/struktur+kam.png" width="200" /></a> </div>
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kaempferol quersetin</div>
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<br /></div>
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spektrum IR dan NMR kaempferol </div>
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spektrum IR dan NMR Kuersetin</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada kuersetin dapat
terdapat 5 gugus hidroksil yang merupakan ciri dari flavonoid, jumlahnya lebih
banyak dari pada kaempferol. Gugus ini dapat terlihat pada daerah serapan
sekitar 3600/cm-1. Sedangkan pada spektrum NMR gugus ini terlihat pada daerah
sekitar 20.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam isolasi alkaliod di butuhkan
suasana asam atau basa karena keadaan basa dan asam digunakan untuk menjaga
keadaan agar proses isolasi dapat berjalan dengan baik. Alkaloid cenderung
bersifat basa dan mudah menguap. sedangkan asam digunakan untuk menghasilkan
alkaloid dalam bentuk garam dan tidak mudah menguap. Contohnya pada isolasi
nikotin </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>gram<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>daun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bak<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>kering<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>rajangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>dibungkus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>kertas saring <span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>sukkan<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>alat<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>soxhlet,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">
</span>ekstraksi<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>enggunak<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>300 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>L<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>etanol<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>sela<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>pel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>digunakan
adalah 100 gram<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>sehingga ekstraksi
dilakukan 4 kali.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>filtrat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>evaporasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>sampai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>larutan yang pekat atau filtrat tingg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l 10 % dari volu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ulaLarutan <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>pekat <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dituangkan
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ke
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>labu <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>erlen<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>eyer
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dan
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>diasa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>kan dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>H<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;">2</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">O</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;">4</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>2<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>sebanyak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>mL.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Larutan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">
</span>diaduk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>agnetik
stirer <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ogen.
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Larutan
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>diu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">j</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>kertas <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>lakmus
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>i
berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>erah. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Ke<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span>dian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>larutan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>diekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>klorofo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>L
sebanyak 3 kali dengan corong pisah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>berada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>lapisan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">
</span>bawah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>diuji<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>reagen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Dragendorf,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>positip
alkaloid ji<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>a ti<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bul endapan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span>range</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">penambahan asam pada isolasi nikotin
adalah untuk membentuk garam Nikotin yang berbentuk kristal, karena pemurnian
zat padat akan lebih mudah dibandingkan zat cair. Sedangkan dinetralkan dengan
penambahan basa adalah untuk menghasilkan basa bebas, karena yang dapat
diekstraksi oleh pelarut organik adalah nikotin dalam bentuk basa bebasnya. Begitu
pula isolasi opium dan kokain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biosintesis merupakan pembentukkan
molekul alami yang terjadi di dalam sel dari molekul lain yang kurang rumit
strukturnya, melalui reaksi endeorganik. Sedangkan jalur biosintetis dapat
diartikan sebagai urutan atau proses yang di dalamnya terdiri atas tahap-tahap
pembentukkan dari senyawa yang sederhana menjadi senyawa kompleks. Proses
biosintesis akan berlangsung sangat kompleks, tergantung dari macam enzim yang
tersedia sehingga tumbuhan sejenis yang tumbuh di daerah yang berbeda sangat
memungkinkan untuk mempunyai jalur pembentukkan metabolit tertentu yang tidak
identik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Isolasi merupakan cara untuk
memisahkan atau memindahkan mikroba tertentu dari lingkungan, sehingga
diperoleh kultur murni atau biakkan murni.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode isolasi yang tepat tidak
akan merusak struktur senyawa yg ingin diisolasi, sehingga pada saat penentuan
struktur dapat diketahui dengan jelas struktur senyawa tersebut. Metode isolasi
dapat dilakukan dengan tepak dan baik jika kita mengetahui jalur biosintesis
senyawa yang ingin diisolasi. Sehingga kita mengetahui keadaan fisik maupun
kimianya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contonhya
alkaloid, pada biosintesis diketahui bahwa alkalioid umumnya bersifat basa,
sehingga pada isolasinya harus digunakan dalam suasana basa dan penambahan asam
agar terbentuk garam dan mudah isolasi. Tanpa harus merubah dan merusak
struktur dari alkaloid tersebut.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-62437957567329131642012-12-13T16:13:00.000-08:002012-12-13T16:13:03.045-08:00ANTOSIANIN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPVECNwAJJP80EY3_C_Whaa0dV8GAzndhgLOuot22uiJEF8bFHsqq_QlHYqmxiN9xSempf8MUP0i8pJogy0ROPo3hukS2bU5_CfS15Wc1jijbafA7Umt_ZgT_HhcSb0YqGIPb_1hdrzqA/s1600/struktur+anto.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPVECNwAJJP80EY3_C_Whaa0dV8GAzndhgLOuot22uiJEF8bFHsqq_QlHYqmxiN9xSempf8MUP0i8pJogy0ROPo3hukS2bU5_CfS15Wc1jijbafA7Umt_ZgT_HhcSb0YqGIPb_1hdrzqA/s1600/struktur+anto.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Antosianin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (bahasa Inggris: <i>anthocyanin</i>,
dari gabungan kata Yunani:<i>anthos</i> = "bunga", dan <i>cyanos</i>
= "biru") adalah pigmen larut air yang secara alami terdapat pada berbagai
jenis tumbuhan. Sesuai namanya, pigmen ini memberikan warna pada bunga, buah,
dan daun tumbuhan hijau, dan telah banyak digunakan sebagai pewarna alami pada
berbagai produk pangan dan berbagai aplikasi lainnya. Warna diberikan oleh
antosianin berkat susunan ikatan rangkap terkonjugasinya yang panjang, sehingga
mampu menyerap cahaya pada rentang cahaya tampak. Sitem ikatan rangkap
terkonjugasi ini juga yang mampu menjadikan Antosianin sebagai antioksidan
dengan mekanisme penangkapan radikal. Antosianin merupakan sub-tipe senyawa
organik dari keluarga flavonoid, dan merupakan anggota kelompok senyawa yang
lebih besar yaitu polifenol.<sup id="cite_ref-2"> </sup>Beberapa senyawa
antosianin yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah pelargonidin, peonidin, sianidin,
malvidin, petunidin, dan delfinidin.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Ekstraksi
antosianin buah salam</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIyTyhxWx-SmkTkTxG-a-QtQ7Tm1WMXHeFaa2ovY3tPwWbM0hDG__0BxN5N70ApdO2e1eU3FIixd8VgALTRKxglC7af3cQ7BFk-7UPrCK83UZGj0yBMaeywkxSPUA0t5724HbYYbp1nkA/s1600/buah+salam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIyTyhxWx-SmkTkTxG-a-QtQ7Tm1WMXHeFaa2ovY3tPwWbM0hDG__0BxN5N70ApdO2e1eU3FIixd8VgALTRKxglC7af3cQ7BFk-7UPrCK83UZGj0yBMaeywkxSPUA0t5724HbYYbp1nkA/s1600/buah+salam.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Ekstraksi
dilakukan menggunakan pelarut air yang diasamkan dengan penambahan 1% HCL pada
proporsi sampel : pelarut (1:1), (1:3) dan (1:5) b/v. Ekstrak yang diperoleh
dipisahkan dengan menggunakan vaccum filter, dikentalkan menggunakan vaccum
evaporator pada suhu 60°C hingga berbentuk pasta. Selanjutnya ekstrak dilarutkan
(konsentasi 10% b/v) dalam etanol 75% untuk pengujian kadar total antosianin,
dan dalam metanol 75% untuk pengujian kapasitas anti radikal. Larutan ekstrak
kemudian disimpan dalam botol gelap dan dihembus dengan nitrogen untuk mengusir
oksigen dalam head space, botol ditutup dan disimpan dalam coolroom suhu 4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">C sampai
digunakan untuk analisis kimia.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-91574326336620915942012-12-06T19:48:00.003-08:002012-12-06T19:48:59.589-08:00Isolasi Kolesterol dari Kuning Telur<div style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Percobaan ini menggunakan sampel kuning telur. Isolasi kolesterol diawali dengan penambahan larutan etanol dan eter dengan perbandungan 2 : 1. Kemudian dilakukan filtrasi untuk memisahkan lemak yang terlarut dalam eter dan etanol dengan komponen lain seperti pigmen warna (lutein dan astaxantin) dan protein. Filtrat yang dihasilkan tidak berwarna (bening) dan endapan berwarna kuning. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Hasil endapan kemudian dibilas dengan heksana untuk melarutkan komponen lipid yang tidak ikut terekstrak pada tahap awal. Heksana merupakan pelarut yang sangat baik untuk mengekstrak komponen lemak netral. Selanjutnya, hasil ekstrak tersebut dituang ke dalam corong pisah dan didiamkan selama ± 30 menit untuk memisahkan komponen lemak yang larut dalam heksana (trigliserida) dengan komponen lemak yang larut dalam elarut etanol-eter (kolesterol dan fosfolipid). Pelarut heksana akan berada di bagian atas corong, sedangkan pelarut etanol-eter akan berada pada bagian bawah corong. Hal ini disebabkan berat jenis heksana lebih rendah dibandingkan etanol-eter. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Tahap selanjutnya adalah pemanasan. Pemanasan bertujuan untuk menguapkan pelarut organik sehingga hanya meninggalkan komponen lemak. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena titik didih pelarut lebih rendah dibandingkan titik didih lemak. Selanjutnya aseton dingin ditambahkan ke dalam hasil pemanasan agar melarutkan komponen lemak, yaitu alkohol. Endapan yang terbentuk berwarna putih yang merupakan fosfolipid/lesitin. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Uji Salkowski yang dilakukan terhadap filtrat akhir menghasilkan cincin merah diantara 2 lapisan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pada kuning telur positif mengandung kolesterol.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-13225405193484966022012-11-28T18:44:00.000-08:002012-11-28T18:44:00.243-08:00NIKOTIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.75pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 111.0pt 153.0pt 204.0pt 259.0pt 293.0pt 349.0pt 389.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Te<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bakau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ta<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>an</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">musi<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tergolon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">m </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tana<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n
perkebunan. <span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>P<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>anfaatan tana<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>an</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">te<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ba<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>au</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">teruta<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">daunnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">untuk pe<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>buatan rokok.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nikotin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">suatu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jenis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">seny<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>wa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ki<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ter<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>asuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dalam golongan alkaloid karena <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>mpunyai
sifat dan ciri alkaloid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Isolasi Nikotin dari daun te<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bakau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .05in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>gram<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>daun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bak<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>kering<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>rajangan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>telah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>dibungkus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>kertas saring <span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>sukkan<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dalam<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>alat<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>soxhlet,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">
</span>ekstraksi<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>enggunak<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>300 <span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>L<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>etanol<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>sela<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>S<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>pel<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>digunakan
adalah 100 gram<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>sehingga ekstraksi
dilakukan 4 kali.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>/<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>filtrat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>evaporasi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>sampai<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>larutan yang pekat atau filtrat tingg<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l 10 % dari volu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>e <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ula</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Larutan <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>pekat <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dituangkan <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ke <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dal<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>m <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>labu <span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>erlen<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>eyer
<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dan
<span style="letter-spacing: .55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>diasa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>kan dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo; mso-font-width: 99%; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo; mso-font-width: 99%; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">2<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>sebanyak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>mL.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Larutan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>diaduk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">
</span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>agnetik stirer <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>ogen.
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Larutan
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>diu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">j</span>i <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dengan <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>kertas <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>lakmus
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>i
berwarna<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>erah. <span style="letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Ke<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span>dian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>larutan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>diekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>klorofo<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>25<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>L
sebanyak 3 kali dengan corong pisah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>yang<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>berada<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>lapisan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">
</span>bawah<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>diuji<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>reagen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Dragendorf,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>positip
alkaloid ji<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">k</span>a ti<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>bul endapan <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span>range.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak <span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dinetralkan <span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>lagi <span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dengan
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<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>NH</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo; mso-text-raise: -1.5pt; position: relative; top: 1.5pt;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">OH, <span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ke<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>udi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n
diekstraksi lagi dengan kloroform<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>25
mL sebanyak 3 kali.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">Ekstrak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">diperoleh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">diuapk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">dengan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">dianginkan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>udian di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>urnikan <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dengan
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>kro<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>atografi <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ko<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span>om
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dengan
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>silika
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>gel
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>11,5
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>gram
sebagai<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>fase <span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dia<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>panjang<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>kolom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>10<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>c<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>eter<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>kolom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>3<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">c</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;">dengan<span style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"> </span>eluen<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>heksana
dan<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>kloro<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">f</span>or<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>etanol<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>dengan<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span>perbanding<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Meiryo;"> </span>1:0,<span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>7:3, 5:5, 3:7 dan 0:1 <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>asing – <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>sing<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>sebanyak
10 <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">m</span>L.</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-64274695681145570152012-11-24T21:08:00.002-08:002012-11-24T21:08:23.379-08:00<!--[if !mso]>
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ujian Mid Semester</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Matakuliah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kimia Bahan
Alam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kredit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 2 SKS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosen <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dr. Syamsurizal, M.Si</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari/Tanggal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sabtu, 24 november 2012</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 15.30 sd 09.00 pagi ( 26 november 2012 )</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jawaban anda di posting diblog masing –
masing. Ujian ini open book. Bilamana ditemukan anda mencontek jawaban teman
anda maka anda dipastikan GAGAL dari mata kuliah ini.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Kemukakan
gagasan anda bagaimana cara mengubah suatu senyawa bahan alam yang tidak punya
potensi ( tidak aktif ) dapat dibuat menjadi senyawa unggul yang memiliki
potensi aktifitas biologis tinggi. Berikan dengan contoh.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Jelaskan
bagaimana idenya suatu senyawa bahan alam yang memiliki potensi biologis tinggi
dan prospektif untuk kemaslahatan makhluk hidup dapat disintesis di
laboratorium</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Jelaskan
kaidah-kaidah pokok dalam memilih pelarut untuk isolasi dan purifikasi suatu
senyawa bahan alam. Berikan dengan contoh untuk 4 golongan senyawa bahan alam :
Terpenoid, alkaloid, Flavonoid, dan Steroid.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Jelaskan dasar
titik tolak penentuan struktur suatu senyawa organik. Bila senyawa bahan alam
tersebuat adalah kafein misalnya. Kemukakan gagasan anda hal – hal pokok apa
saja yang di perlukan untuk menentukan strukturnya secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawaban
:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> 1. </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">senyawa
bahan alam yang tidak aktif kemudian dirubah menjadi aktif dengan menggunakan
beberapa enzim. Contohnya pada glukosida 8-C dari luteolin dengan struktur
dibawah ini. Jika glikosida diputus maka akan terbentuk senyawa flavonoid aktif
yang dapat bermanfaat bagi manusia. Pemutusan ikatan ini dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan enzim yang bekerja memutuskan
ikatan tersebut, dan dalam keadaan yang memungkinkan terjadinya pemutusan
ikatan.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL-jrd6eeVxGyqr7vfomt_R-AzhYd72y377BnriYxqpEyNanOdbxKKHXos3Mod42AIn-rXkmXalkJ6YCEFFnuQJW8G1X-iugBmv6AGwHuzu7hxlxXHUGopaambE4Z27BrF2krGvqqwcM/s1600/Orientin.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGL-jrd6eeVxGyqr7vfomt_R-AzhYd72y377BnriYxqpEyNanOdbxKKHXos3Mod42AIn-rXkmXalkJ6YCEFFnuQJW8G1X-iugBmv6AGwHuzu7hxlxXHUGopaambE4Z27BrF2krGvqqwcM/s1600/Orientin.svg.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senyawa
bahan alam yang terdapat dalam tumbuhan sangat berguna bagi kelangsungan hidup
manusia. Namun jika senyawa it uterus diambil, maka akan terjadi pengurangan
jumlah tanaman yang ada. Sehingga muncul ide untuk mensisntesis senyawa bahan
alam yang berguna bagi kehidupan manusia di laboratorium. Dalam mensintesis
senyawa organic pada laboratorium dapat berasal dari senyawa organic lain.
misalnya flavonoid yang mempunyai banyak manfaat pada manusia, dapat disintesis
di laboratorium dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan yang sama dengan yang terjadi
pada biosynthesisnya, yaitu AcetilCoA dan CO<sub>2</sub> yang bereaksi
membentuk melanotCoA dan seterusnya. Suasana dan keadaan dibuat mirip dengan
yang terjadi pada tumbuhan. Misalnya pada suasana basa, jadi pada proses
sintesis di laboratorium harus dibuat dalam suasana basa. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
memilih pelarut untuk isolasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada
senyawa bahan alam ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan, yaitu:</span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemilihan pelarut yang
digunakan untuk proses isolasi akan memberikan efektifitas yang tinggi dengan
memperhatikan kelarutan senyawa bahan alam dalam pelarut tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum memilih
pelarut, sebaikknya kita mengetahui struktur senyawa bahan alam yang akan
diisolasi, sehingga pemilihan pelarut tidak salah. Jangan sampai pelarut yang
digunakan bersifat polar, sedangkan senyawa yang akan diisolasi bersifat
nonpolar</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pelarut yang digunakan
sebaiknya bersifat spesifik atau hanya melarutkan senyawa yang diinginkan, dan
juga tidak melarutkan senyawa lain yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengganggu dalam proses pemurnian nantinya</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pelarut juga mempunyai
sifat yang mudah dipisahkan untuk memperoleh senyawa bahan alam yang murni</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">harga dari pelarut.
Selain dari kemampuan pelarut dalam melarutkan senyawa bahan alam, dalam
isolasi juga diperhatikan harga dari pelarut tersebut. Sehingga proses isolasi
tidak memakan biaya yang besar.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara
umum pelarut metanol merupakan pelarut yang paling banyak digunakan dalam
proses isolasi senyawa organik bahan alam, karena dapat melarutkan seluruh
golongan metabolit sekunder. Untuk lebih spesifiknya pada isolasi flavonoid
biasanya menggunakan metanol 80%, pada alkaloid </span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">benzena</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
steroid menggunakan dietil eter.</span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penentuan
struktur dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektroskopi. Jenis-jenis
spektroskopi antara lain :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Spektroskopi IR atau yang
dikenal dengan Infra Merah</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Spektroskopi UV</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Spektroskopi NMR</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spektrum Inframerah</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Spektroskopi inframerah</span><span lang="EN-US"> merupakan suatu metode yang mengamati interaksi molekul dengan
radiasi elektromagnetik yang berada pada daerah panjang gelombang 0.75 – 1.000
µm atau pada bilangan gelombang 13.000 – 10 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Energi dari
kebanyakan vibrasi molekul berhubungan dengan daerah inframerah. Vibrasi
molekul dapat dideteksi dan diukur pada spektrum infamerah. Penggunaan spektrum
inframerah untuk penentuan struktur senyawa organik biasanya antara 650-4.000
cm-1. Daerah di bawah frekuensi 650 cm-1 dinamakan inframerah jauh dan daerah
di atas frekuensi 4.000 cm-1 dinamakan inframerah dekat (Sudjadi, 1983). Pada
prinsipnya bahwa spektrum inframerah adalah untuk mengetahui jenis gugus fungsi
pada suatu senyawa. Spektrum inframerah akan memberikan -piron,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span></span><span lang="EN-US">serapan yang kuat pada daerah 1700-1750 cm-1 yang berupa ester<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedangkan yang -piron keluar pada serapan
1650 cm-1.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXEHmBI6ogYpknIrEjpIBCvWHThXGwlcZzxDO2NZHIPlxMN9h5bjiEEKimDFlu6dXVFPLZa0rFKh2ssy788g7UMHNPAhhcxuadERrlKqlqvT6om0x_1klF_Cq2P0hzPgma4lgI2YkP-Xo/s1600/spektrum+ir+kafen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXEHmBI6ogYpknIrEjpIBCvWHThXGwlcZzxDO2NZHIPlxMN9h5bjiEEKimDFlu6dXVFPLZa0rFKh2ssy788g7UMHNPAhhcxuadERrlKqlqvT6om0x_1klF_Cq2P0hzPgma4lgI2YkP-Xo/s320/spektrum+ir+kafen.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Gambar diatas merupakan SPektrum IR dari kafein, dari spektru ini
dapat diketahui ada beberapa gugus fungsi dalam kafen, seperti C=C pada senyawa
aromatic didaerah serapan 1500-1600, C-H pada senyawa aromatic didaerah serapan
3000-3100, C-N pada amina didaerah 1180-1360, N-H pada amina didaerah
3310-3500.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">spektroskopi
UV-VIS</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umumnya
spektroskopi dengan sinar ultraviolet (UV) dan sinar tampak (VIS) dibahas
bersama karena sering kedua pengukuran dilakukan pada waktu yang sama. Karena
spektroskopi UV-VIS berkaitan dengan proses berenergi tinggi yakni transisi
elektron dalam molekul, informasi yang didapat cenderung untuk molekul
keseluruhan bukan bagian-bagian molekulnya. spetroskopi UV-VIS sangat
kuantitatif dan jumlah sinar yang diserap oleh sampel diberikan oleh ungkapan
hukum Lambert-Beer. Dengan mengukur transmitans larutan sampel, dimungkinkan
untuk menentukan konsentrasinya dengan menggunakan hukum Lambert-Beer. Hukum
Lambert-Beer dipenuhi berapapun panjang gelombang sinar yang diserap sampel.
Panjang gelombang sinar yang diserap oleh sampel bergantung pada struktur
molekul sampelnya. Jadi spektrometri UV-VIS dapat digunakan sebagai sarana
penentuan struktur. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Gambar ini merupakan spectrum UV dari kafein</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Spektroskopi
NMR</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Resonansi Magnetik Inti (NMR) spektroskopi adalah alat yang tersedia
untuk menentukan struktur senyawa organik. Teknik ini bergantung pada kemampuan
inti atom berperilaku seperti sebuah magnet kecil dan menyesuaikan diri dengan
medan magnet eksternal. Biasanya dihunakan untuk mengidentifikasi atau
menjelaskan informasi struktur rinci tentang senyawa kimia. Prinsip kerja dari
NMR yaitu untuk mendapatkan inti dalam molekul dalam arah yang sama sehingga
nantinya medan magnet yang seseuai dengan molekul akan dikonversi menhadi
spektra NMR sehingga struktur molekul dapat teridentifikasi.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-24991133434903916932012-10-28T02:49:00.000-07:002012-10-28T02:49:11.215-07:00BIOSINTESIS TERPENOID<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCASSAN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCASSAN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CCASSAN%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpenoid merupakan derivat
dehidrogenasi dan oksigenasi dari senyawa terpen. Terpen merupakan suatu
golongan hidrokarbon yang banyak dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan dan sebagian kelompok
hewan. Rumus molekul terpen adalah (C5H8)n. Terpenoid disebut juga dengan isoprenoid.
Hal ini disebabkan karena kerangka karbonnya sama seperti senyawa isopren.
Secara struktur kimia terenoid merupakan penggabungan dari unit isoprena, dapat
berupa rantai terbuka atau siklik, dapat mengandung ikatan rangkap, gugus
hidroksil, karbonil atau gugus fungsi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
untuk menemukan senyawa isopren biologis yang sesungguhnya digunakan oleh
organisme untuk sintesa terpenoid dilakukan oleh banyak peneliti selama
bertahun-tahun. Masalah ini akhirnya dapat diselesaikan oleh J.W. Cornforth
pada tahun 1959 dari penyelidikan-penyelidikannya dibidang steroid. Conforth
menemukan dua bentuk isoprene yang aktif, yakni isopentenil pirofosfat (IPP)
dan dimetilalil pirofosfat (DMAPP). Kedua isopren aktif ini harus ada untuk
keperluan sintesa terpenoid oleh organisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelidikan-penyelidikan
selanjutnya oleh para ahli menunjukan bahwa IPP dan DMAPP berasal dari asam
mevanolat. Selanjutnya diketahui pula bahwa satu-satunya sumber karbon bagi
asam mevanolat, begitu pula IPP dan DMAPP ialah asam asetat atau turunannya
yang aktif, yakni asetil pirofosfat. Mekanisme dari tahap-tahap reaksi
biosintesa terpenoid, pada waktu ini sudah diketahui dengan baik dan tercantum
pada Gambar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme dari tahap-tahap reaksi
biosintesis terpenoid adalah asam asetat setelah diaktifkan oleh koenzim A
melakukan kondensasi jenis Claisen menghasilkan asam asetoasetat. Senyawa yang
dihasilkan ini dengan asetil koenzim A melakukan kondensasi jenis aldol
menghasilkan rantai karbon bercabang sebagaimana ditemukan pada asam mevalinat,
reaksi-reaksi berikutnya adalah fosforialsi,eliminasi asam fosfat dan
dekarboksilasimenghasilkan isopentenil (IPP) yangselanjutnya berisomerisasi
menjadi dimetil alil piropospat (DMAPP) oleh enzimisomeriasi. IPP sebagai unti
isoprene aktif bergabung secara kepala ke ekordengan DMAPP dan penggabungan ini
merupakan langkah pertama daripolimerisasi isoprene untuk menghasilkan
terpenoid.Penggabungan ini terjadi karena serangan electron dari ikatan rangkap
IPPterhadap atom karbon dari DMAPP yang kekurangan electron diikuti
olehpenyingkiran ion pirofosfat yang menghasilkan geranil.pirofosfat (GPP)
yaitusenyawa antara bagi semua senyawa monoterpenoid.Penggabungan selanjutnya
antara satu unti IPP dan GPP dengan menaismeyang sama menghasilkan Farnesil
pirofosfat (FPP) yang merupakan senyawaantara bagi semua senyawa
seskuiterpenoid. Senyawa diterpenoid diturunkan dariGeranil-Geranil Pirofosfat
(GGPP) yang berasal dari kondensasi antara satu untiIPP dan GPP dengan
mekanisme yang sama.<br />
Secara umum biosintesa dari terpenoid terjadi 3 reaksi dasar yaitu:<br />
1.Pembentukan isoprene aktif berasal dari asam asetat melalui asam mevalonat.<br />
2.Penggabungan kepala dan ekor dua unit isoprene akan membentuk mono-,seskui-,
di-. sester-, dan poli-terpenoid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Penggabungan ekor dan ekor dari unit
C-15 atau C-20 menghasilkan triterpenoid dan steroid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-36118684303294285292012-10-18T22:23:00.000-07:002012-10-18T22:23:28.228-07:00sintesis flavonoid<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
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<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Flavonoid</b> adalah senyawa yang terdiri dari dari 15 atom karbon yang umumnya tersebar di dunia tumbuhan.<sup> </sup>Lebih dari 2000 flavonoid yang berasal dari tumbuhan telah diidentifikasi, namun ada tiga kelompok yang umum dipelajari, yaitu antosianin, flavonol, dan flavon. Antosianin (dari bahasa Yunani <i>anthos</i> , bunga dan <i>kyanos</i>, biru-tua) adalah pigmen berwarna yang umumnya terdapat di bunga berwarna merah, ungu, dan biru .<sup> </sup>Pigmen ini juga terdapat di berbagai bagian tumbuhan lain misalnya,
buah tertentu, batang, daun dan bahkan akar. Flavonoid sering terdapat
di sel epidermis. Sebagian besar flavonoid terhimpun di vakuolasel tumbuhan walaupun tempat sintesisnya ada di luar vakuola.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Flavonol</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">flavon</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">disintesis dalam</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">jaringan tanaman</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dari cabang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dari jalur</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">fenilpropanoid</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Para</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">aglikon</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">flavonol</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">utama yang </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN"> diproduksi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">adalah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">quercetin</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">myricetin</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">kaempferol</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">isorhamnetin</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">sementara sejumlah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">lebih terbatas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">buah-buahan dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">sayuran</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">mengandung</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">flavon</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">struktural</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">terkait</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">apigenin</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">luteolin</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN"></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Dalam</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">jaringan tanaman</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">flavonol</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">flavon</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">ditemukan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">konjugasi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">gula</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">terutama</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">glukosa</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">rhamnosa</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">rutinose</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">Herrmann, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">1988</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">). </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">gambar berikut merupakan jalur sintesis dari beberapa senyawa flavonoid</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7bkalCNvlScPqRiw7u44HBvZBX5a_-v4oZQQQxvOxhr08YIi_Tb4lHusUVc-DaJNZ37OvPb0z-HH6OFAoWAI-iWCwmVo4kwjK0FLT01luYjigd0YqHCkm2WiNtc1KCG3eYpUKXyyZnGY/s1600/flavo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7bkalCNvlScPqRiw7u44HBvZBX5a_-v4oZQQQxvOxhr08YIi_Tb4lHusUVc-DaJNZ37OvPb0z-HH6OFAoWAI-iWCwmVo4kwjK0FLT01luYjigd0YqHCkm2WiNtc1KCG3eYpUKXyyZnGY/s400/flavo.gif" width="255" /> </a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=s0716-97602000000200007&script=sci_arttext </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-58729234939938072252012-10-10T07:58:00.000-07:002012-10-10T07:58:06.069-07:00OPIUM PENGHASIL MORFIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN">Opium</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">(</span>air mata <span class="hps">poppy</span>, <span class="hps">Lachryma</span> <span class="hps">papaveris</span>)
<span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">lateks</span> <span class="hps">kering</span>
</span>yang <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">diperoleh
dari</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">opium
poppy</span> <span class="hps">(</span>Papaver <span class="hps">somniferum</span>).
<span class="hps">Opium</span> <span class="hps">mengandung</span> <span class="hps">sekitar
12</span>% <span class="hps">morfin</span>, <span class="hps">suatu</span> <span class="hps">alkaloid</span>, <span class="hps">yang sering</span> <span class="hps">diproses</span>
<span class="hps">secara kimia</span> <span class="hps">untuk menghasilkan</span> <span class="hps">heroin</span> <span class="hps">untuk</span> <span class="hps">perdagangan
obat ilegal</span>. <span class="hps">Lateks</span> <span class="hps">ini juga </span></span><span class="hps">mengandung </span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN">alkaloid</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">kodein dan</span> <span class="hps">non</span><span class="atn">-</span>narkotik
<span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">papaverin</span>, <span class="hps">thebaine</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">Noscapine</span>.
<span class="hps">Metode tradisional</span> <span class="hps">untuk memperoleh</span>
<span class="hps">lateks</span> <span class="hps">adalah menggaruk</span> <span class="hps">polong</span> <span class="hps">biji muda</span> <span class="hps">(</span>buah)
<span class="hps">dengan tangan</span>, <span class="hps">lateks</span> <span class="hps">keluar dan</span> <span class="hps">mengering </span></span><span class="hps">menjadi</span><span> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">residu</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">kekuningan</span></span></span><span class="hps"> yang</span><span> <span class="hps"><span lang="IN">lengket</span></span><span lang="IN"> <span class="hps">kemudian</span> <span class="hps">dikerok</span>. <span class="hps">Metode</span> <span class="hps">modern
adalah untuk</span> <span class="hps">memanen</span> <span class="hps">dan
memproses</span> <span class="hps">tanaman dewasa</span> <span class="hps">oleh
mesin</span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Morfin adalah alkaloid analgesik yang sangat kuat dan merupakan agen aktif
utama yang ditemukan pada opium. Penggunaan morfin harus disesuaikan dengan
dosis dan frekuensi yang tepat. Penyalahgunaan morfin akan berakibat pada
ketagihan yang bisa menimbulkan masalah social dan ekonomi. Di dalam tubuh,
morfin terutama dimetabolisme menjadi morphine-3-glucuronide dan
morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Pada hewan pengerat, M6G tampak memiliki efek
analgesia lebih potensial ketimbang morfin sendiri. Sedang pada manusia M6G
juga tampak sebagai analgesia. Perihal signifikansi pembentukan M6G terhadap
efek yang diamati dari suatu dosis morfin, masih jadi perdebatan diantara ahli
farmakologi</span>.</div>
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<h1>
Opium</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-73125764430623301792012-10-02T06:08:00.003-07:002012-10-02T06:08:31.816-07:00<b>Kimia Organik Bahan Alam</b> merupakan cabang ilmu kimia, khususnya kimia organik dan biokimia.
Cabang ilmu ini secara spesifik mempelajari bagaimana senyawa organik
yang secara alami terdapat pada alam, khususnya makhluk hidup dibuat (di<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biosintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Biosintesis (halaman belum tersedia)"></a>biosintesis), apa fungsinya (<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioaktivitas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bioaktivitas (halaman belum tersedia)"></a>bioaktivitasnya), dan apakah senyawa tersebut memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan umat manusia.<br />
Praktis ilmu Kimia Organik Bahan alam mempelajari metabolit, baik itu metabolit primer maupun sekunder. Kebanyakan senyawa yang dikaji ilmu <strong class="selflink">Kimia Organik Bahan Alam</strong> berasal dari tumbuhsn, oleh sebab penelitian pada hewan sering terhalang oleh segi moral.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5694097742668118380.post-55343755219668973232012-09-27T18:28:00.001-07:002012-09-27T18:28:13.672-07:00Kimia Bahan Alam
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: 18pt;"><span class="caption">Bahan alam </span></span>adalah
bahan yang berasal dari organisme, baik yang masih dalam keadaan hidup
maupun yang sudah tidak hidup lagi, yang dalam keadaan dipelihara atau
yang dibiarkan tanpa pemeliharaan secara khusus, atau dengan kata lain
yang sudah dibudidayakan maupun yang dibiarkan secara liar berada di
permukaan bumi. Dengan demikian, yang dimaksudkan dengan bahan alam
adalah tumbuhan dan hewan yang masih hidup atau yang sudah tidak hidup,
juga berbagai macam mineral dan bahan tambang yang merupakan fosil
organic dan anorganik.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">Bahan
alam merupakan sumber bahan kimia yang berasal dari produk metabolism,
terdiri atas senyawa kimia dengan struktur sederhana sampai yang sangat
rumit dan dari semua golongan senyawa kimia. Karena berasal dari hasil
metabolism, semua bahan kimia di dalam bahan alam memiliki aktivitas
fisiologi selam masig berada di dalam organisme hidup.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Senyawa polipeptida adalah contoh golongan senyawa kimia yang di
dalam organism memiliki berbagai fungsi sesuai dengan aktivitas
fisiologinya, mulai dari fungsi sederhananya sebagai salah satu sumber
energy sampai fungsinya sebagai racun untuk membunuh musuh organism
dengan berbagai mekanisme. Senyawa polipeptida adalah penyusun protein
yang merupakan salah satu metabolit primer di samping karbohidrat,
lemak, dan asam nukleat. Senyawa metabolit lain yang tidak termasuk di
dalam metabolit primer, digolongkan ke dalam metabolit sekunder.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
lingkungan hidupnya, bahan alam terdapat di daratan maupun di laut,
dank arena memiliki perbedaan yang mendasar, perlu dibedakan bahan alam
laut dan bahan alam daratan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Uraian singkat mengenai bahan alam tersebut hanya untuk memperlihatkan
bahwa bahan alam adalah bahan kajian yang sangat rumit dan memerlukan
pengkajian komprehensif yang bersifat antar disiplin dari bidang biologi
(anatomi, morfologi, fisiologi, budidaya), farmasi (farmakognosi,
fitokimia, farmakologi, toksikologi, kimia farmasi, formulasi) dan kimia
(organik, analisis kimia, sintesis). Materi yang dibahas di dalam buku
ini terbatas pada bahan alam yang berkhasiat obat yang merupakan materi
untuk mata kuliah farmakognosi, fitokimia, dan farmakologi Bahan Alam
pada Program Studi Farmasi serta Kimia Bahan Alam pada Program Studi
Kimia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Bahan Alam yang dibahas tidak hanya yang berasal dan ditanam di
Indonesia, tetapi juga yang berasal dari Negara lain yang dapat tumbuh
di Indonesia, dan dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan. Di dalam buku
ini dibahas berbagai segi bahan alam sebagai bahan obat, terutama efek
farmakologi dari komponen kimia di dalamnya yang dapat menjelaskan
mengapa bahan alam tersebut digunakan di dalam pengobatan. Untuk itu,
secara khusus di dalam Bab 1 dibahas tentang feromon hewan dan zat
pertahanan karena fungsinya di dalam organism dapat menjelaskan khasiat
farmakologinya. Dengan pertimbangan itu, judul yang diberikan untuk buku
ini adalah <i>Kimia dan Farmakologi Bahan Alam.</i>Judul tersebut
menjadikan buku ini memiliki keunikan karena buku lain hanya membahas
kimia bahan alam atau farmakologi, dan belum pernah ada buku yang
membahas farmakologi bahan alam.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08784684283681613542noreply@blogger.com0